Senin, 04 Mei 2009

Prevention and Control of Typhoid Fever

By : Soeharyo Hadisaputro

Typhoid fever (TF) is still an important public health problem in many developing countries. In Indonesia, the incidence of TF is estimated about 300 – 810 cases per 100.000 population per year or about 600.000 to 1.500.000 cases per year. The case fatality of TF is estimated 50.000 per year.
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection characterized by continued fever, involvement of lymphoid tissue especially Peyer's patches, spleen enlargement, rose spot on trunk and constipation which is more common than diarrhea.
Mode of transmission of TF is by indirect or direct contact with patients or carriers. The main vehicle of spreading is contaminated water and food. Row fruits and vegetables are important factors in some parts of the world, milk or milk products and shellfish are in others. Transmission to new host occurs through contaminated foods, fluid, fingers, vomites and flies. All ages and both sexes are equally susceptible to infection, however, males are more frequent than female.
Prevention of TF based on epidemiologic factors which act. The prevention of TF includes agent approach, environment strategies and host approach. Prevention strategies and control of TF are : disease surveillance, vaccination of persons at risk, detection and treatment of cases (acute and convalescent), detection and control of chronic carriers, sanitation improvement, protection of animal stocks, promotion of food hygiene and prevention from contaminated food production. Health education in the community has an important role in prevention of TF, particularly about personal hygiene such as washing hands before meal, and providing clean water for washing hand in the public services.


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